American Revolutionary War and Common Sense Essay

Many students feel they know about the American War for Independence, but few understand how complex the arguments were and how long the war lasted. In your studies this week, what impressed you about the formation of the American nation? Was there anything presented in the material that you had not thought about before? What do you think about the way that Keene showed both the Patriot and Loyalist experiences during the period? After completing our reading for this week assignment, I learned a great deed; it was very interesting understanding the American Revolution and the War for Independence. There were many events that led the American colonists down the road to Revolution and their War for Independence (1775-1783). The British Parliament, in retaliation for the events surrounding the Boston Tea Party, had passed a series of punishing laws which the American colonists called Intolerable Acts. The Americans had argued that they were not afforded the same rights as the British. But the British ignored their protests, passing laws and demanding new taxes such as the Tea Tas. The basis for the legal argument of the Americans was that the 1689 English Bill of Rights had put into place a constitutional form of government in which the rights and liberties of the individual were protected under English law. The American colonists protested that were not afforded these privileges and that the British had abused their rights and liberties. After the issue in Lexington and Concord, the Americans knew that they had to fight for their own freedom so many battles took place afterwards but Thomas Paine’s â€Å"Common Sense† showed them how urgent it really is to win the Revolutionary War. â€Å"Common Sense† is a 46 page long pamphlet talking about how King George III has wronged the colonists, how the government and humanity were different, and his pamphlet also had religious influences and several other factors in it. After Common Sense was published it was sold 500,000 times within a year and it opened the colonist’s eyes. Overall many different aspects incensed the colonists and made them to rebel against Great Britain. The American Revolution was an effect of taxation, restriction of freedom and passing on of colonial political ideas. If these three cases wouldn’t have taken place the Colonists and Great Britain might not have separated from each other. The militias were the first to grasp the importance of firing from concealed locations and then retreating to take up new positions in which to fire from, at Lexington and Concord. A chapter discussing the American â€Å"Art of War† and its champion General Charles Lee and its protagonist General George Washington (the personal relationship between Lee and Washington would deteriorate early in the way over the issue of the militia’s use). Lee found that hit and run tactics were very effective and noticed their impact had upon British mentality. American militias fighting in this style would allow the British to roam amongst the countryside, but the psychological effect on the British proved to be tremendous as an early form of insurgent warfare. On the other hand Washington disagreed with the militia style of warfare and believed America could not afford to allow the British to run at will in the countryside. He preferred the European style of fighting, where soldiers fought side by side. During the Battle of Bunker Hill, the militia proved capable of fighting in the European style, by fighting from prepared positions of earthworks and trenches. This laid the foundation for the Continental regulars as they would be better disciplined to fight in this fashion. However, for Washington to achieve this, he would have to wait years until the American mentality could be trained to accept the ridged soldier’s life, whereas the British were already disciplined professionally by comparison. As problematic as the militias were, they did have many redeeming qualities. Throughout the course of the war the numbers of American troops in the regular army always remained small, but when the British army lurked near for a fight, American commanders could call out for the militias help. This swelled the American ranks by as much as couple of thousand. In this way the militias proved a valuable asset, as it left the British constantly guessing to the real numbers of their opponents they faced on the battlefield. When I think of the militia, the bible verses that touches me the most is Deuteronomy 31:6, â€Å"Be strong and courageous. Do not fear or be in dread of them, for it is the Lord your God who goes with you. He will not leave you or forsake you.†

Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America

Cabeza de Vaca's Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America describes the adventures of Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish soldier who was shipwrecked in the state of Florida in the year 1528. The man traveled with a handful of his companions across the states of Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, in addition to the north of Mexico for many years following the shipwreck. He was sometimes looked upon as a slave, at other times he became a medicine man for the Native Americans encountered along the way. The book describes Native Americans of the time in great depth. Even the flora and fauna of the time – much of which was unique to Cabeza de Vaca – may be seen through the eyes of the Spanish traveler (Covey, 1983). Indeed, this book is one of its kind not only for those that wish to discover more about the history of America but also ardent readers of accounts of adventures. Cabeza de Vaca’s experiences open up the mind. After all, with all our modern conveniences, including excellent means of transport, the people of our time are not expected to become lost and develop enough courage to find their way out of misadventures as did Cabeza de Vaca. Moreover, entirely unique adventures such as those experienced by the Spanish traveler are not easy to experience nowadays with all sorts of information available to us in books and on the Internet. Perhaps this is the reason why the reader expects more from Cabeza de Vaca's Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America. There are no maps in this book, and the modern-day reader expects illustrations to boot. What is more, Covey’s translated and edited version of Cabeza de Vaca’s adventures is not quite easy to read. As an example, between sentences Covey has added material which may confuse the reader. The book was first published in 1961. Then again, Cabeza de Vaca’s adventures are thrilling enough for the reader to simply ignore the imperfections of this account.

Don’t Skip Breakfast Essay

Have you ever felt uncomfortable physically because of skipping your breakfast? A nutritious breakfast bring us a fresh start of one day. Many people who want to lose weight choose not to eat breakfast. However, this method would only cause converse effects. We might feel deprived of energy and hungry all the morning as a result of skipping breakfast. In fact, breakfast determines our health condition. Skipping breakfast is a bad habit which will affect our health and we need to eat breakfast everyday. For one thing, skipping breakfast is not an appropriate way to lose weight. Surprisingly, a study from the Dairy Research Institute proved that citizens who don’t eat breakfast are weight more than those who do. The results indicates that those who skip it expend 40% more sweets, 55% more soft drinks, 45% fewer vegetables and 30% less fruit than those who eat breakfast(July 1, 2012)(mrbreakfast.com). Actually, eating a healthy breakfast could somehow help you to manage weight. A nutritionist Katherine Zeratsky, R.D., L.D. who works in Mayo Clinic in USA replies how it helps to get rid of needless weight in three main ways. â€Å"Reduced hunger, healthy choices and more energy.† She mentioned that when long-term fasting happens, the insulin response of your body would grow, then more fat would be stored in your body. She also states if you eat breakfast, you’re more likely to eat a healthy diet during the rest of the day. (mayoclinic.com n.d.)We prefer snacks such as chocolate bars to supply our energy when we are starved. Definitely, the diet which we planned is changed. Skipping breakfast makes us less efficient at work or study. Amanda Wynne of the British Dietetic Association told BBC News Online that studies of children who are at school reflects that eating breakfast help them to concentrate more in the morning. Another study from the Learning Connection Summit indicates â€Å"brain scans of children who eat breakfast show more activity than scans of children who skip breakfast(October 9, 2012)† (mrbreakfast.com). The energy we need is obtained after we have breakfast, therefore we have more strength throughout the whole morning. Obviously, we are more businesslike at work when we are energetic. We should be aware of the importance of eating breakfast.A 16-year research from Harvard investigated into approximately 30,000 subjects show that individuals who skip breakfast are 21% more likely to have Type 2 diabetes than those who eat breakfast regularly(May 24, 2012). . A study in the Environmental Health Journal found that â€Å"children who ate breakfast had 15% lower blood lead levels than those who skipped breakfast(April 1,2011)†.(mrbreakfast.com)Nowadays, the number of diabetics is in rise gradually. Many of us skip breakfast for saving time or more sleep. However, it seems we need to be conscious of the necessity of eating breakfast. It is decisive to our health condition. Overall, daily breakfast keep us on track if we are trying to manage weight, making us attentive at work, avoiding blood-sugar problems, and supplying nutritious to our body. In the other hand, regular breakfast makes us vigorous from the beginning of everyday. Reference Page Breakfast: How does it help weight control? (2011 July). Retrieved Dec 3,2012 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/food-and-nutrition/AN01119 Breakfast Research & Statistics.(n.d.)Retrieved Dec 3,2012 http://www.mrbreakfast.com/glossary_term.asp?glossaryID=152 Mdhil, (2012 June), 8 Health Reasons You Should Never Skip Breakfast. Retrieved Dec 3,2012. http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/8-health-reasons-never-skip-breakfast-033028953.html Shereen Jegtvig, (2012 November), Don’t Skip Breakfast. Retrieved Dec 3,2012. http://nutrition.about.com/od/nutrition101/a/breakfast.htm Skipping breakfast very bad for health.(2003 July)Retrieved Dec 3,2012 http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/4004.php

Terrazas' Entrepreneural Skills and Power in Chihuahua Essay

Terrazas' Entrepreneural Skills and Power in Chihuahua - Essay Example Wealthy miners, haciendas and the landholder had no faith in the leadership and had to relocate locations that were more favorable. However, Terrazas once he took power in the 1860’s he managed to carry various form of transformation that saw his success. Consequently, this period saw the return of both the state and Hacendos to Chihuahua. After the defeat of French, he managed to establish a stable administration. The Apaches were fought to the end and new military colonies were established. There was also guarantee of land to the settlers so long as they could fight against the Indian raiders. His capability to fight off the Apache raiders made him popular among his people. He also managed to divert the tax revenue meant for the federal government and could fund the militia to fight the Indians hence majority of Chihuahuas population and the military colonist. He also used his power to acquire the largest and most progressive haciendas in this region. Moreover, Luis Terrazas had interest in mines and industries and imported machinery that raised production and this enabled him to compete in global arena. His political inclination was also geared toward his interest (Wasserman 15). In this reign, the Creel Terrazas family controlled nearly all the cattle ranches, mines and other form of business. This mostly generated a lot of dissatisfaction among the poor and the less privileged most of which were landless. This occurred mostly during the reign of dictator of Porfirio Diaz (Truthout Web). The role played by haciendas was significant to the elite as it provided much income for their business empire. The main reason for employing act of brutality was to annex land chunk of land from the local indigenous people for business expansion. Moreso, this was usually done with no authority from rural population and communities. During this reign, there was significant development that saw expansion in agriculture, mining and improved transport

Persuasive Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive Research Paper - Essay Example The idea of tabula rasa does not exist for them. Nurture theories, on the contrary, maintain that how people develop their children will determine the latter’s future. This paper argues that the environment is stronger than genetics in developing positive behaviors among children, even to the point of reducing genetic risks for negative behaviors. High quality early childhood education can nurture social and intellectual skills. Votruba-Drzal et al. studied the role of early education and child care experiences in influencing middle childhood behaviors for low-income children. They employed data from the Three-City Study, which is a longitudinal study that gets information about low-income children and families, using different data-collection methods. The Three-City Study investigates the effects of particular social welfare reforms on these children. Votruba-Drzal et al. provide findings, which show that high-quality early childhood care helped children develop less behavior problems, by the time they reach middle childhood. They notice that when children belong to more responsive, supportive, and well-designed early child care settings, they did not externalize bad behaviors, by the time they were middle-school students. Votruba-Drzal et al. stress that the results are predominantly salient for boys and African American ch ildren. A personal experience also shows that high-quality early child care results to positive behaviors. An uncle, three years back, complained of his two-year old son, Jimmy, who was very aggressive and naughty. Uncle Carlisle was already thinking that maybe it is his karma, since he was a very naughty boy before also. He enrolled Jimmy in a high-quality child care center that other parents referred him to. After one year after, Jimmy exhibited less aggression and became more sociable and obedient. Another example is a friend, who thought that her daughter has learning problems. At the age of two, she has very

BHS 411 &#8211 Issues of Terrorism Mod 4 SLP Essay

BHS 411 – Issues of Terrorism Mod 4 SLP - Essay Example According to White (2006), the FBI is loosely linked to all America's law enforcement agencies (p. 4). However, many federal law enforcement agencies and local police executives openly resent or do not trust the FBI (White, 2006, p. 4). Most of all, "there is no system to sift, sanitize, and disseminate information to local law enforcement" (White, 2006, p. 4). These are very good points why the FBI is a vulnerable subject to cyber attacks. To launch the attack, I will first design a web log where people who have "bad encounters" or negative criticisms with the FBI can post their blogs. This will be a sort of "character assassination" that can stir emotions against the FBI, and perhaps, loose confidence to this agency. The end result will be a weaker coordination by the American people in providing information for the FBI, thus, will make it so much difficult for the agents to gather evidences and information on terrorist activities. I will also devise a sp

Strategic Choices at Toyota Corporation Assignment

Strategic Choices at Toyota Corporation - Assignment Example The company’s first truck design weighed one to one and a half ton after assembling. After the Second World War, other nations developed an interest in Toyota’s trucks due to their astounding efficiency during the war. Although they were low on speed, their involvement in the war was highly consequential in that they had eased mobility. This paper will take a broad look into the history and evolution of Toyota, the strategies it used to stay on top of the motor world and its recent strategic moves into making it the leading car brand in the World today. Toyota experienced remarkable growth during the post-war period as the United States encouraged them to venture into the manufacture of other locomotives other than those for war. Remarkably, their invention would later be used in the agricultural sector and above all in the public transport industry. As a result, this led to the designing of the Toyopet, which was one door minimized vehicle. After the withdrawn involvement of the U.S military, its production rose to two hundred and fifteen cars yearly. By the year 1965, Toyota automobile made six hundred thousand units per annum compared to eight thousands four hundred units in 1955. In its expansion process, Toyota designed a weapon carrier truck, the Land Cruiser, whose features resembled those of a jeep. On the contrary, its engine capacity was bigger than that of the Jeep by a slight margin. Its first comfort car, the Crown, emerged in 1955 with a four-power cylinder, half- liter engine capacity and a customized column shift. Th e Toyota Corona was the second luxury vehicle incepted into the Toyota stable whose manufacture growth per month increased to fifty thousand car units by 1964. Since that time, Toyota has continued to release remarkable brands into the world market. The SWOT analysis is the critical evaluation of the Strengths and Weaknesses from within an organization in relation to the external Opportunities and Threats essentially to determine its growth and development.  

The theory to the Study of International Relations Essay

The theory to the Study of International Relations - Essay Example It is worthwhile to take a look at the above definitions and examine whether International Relations truly reflect the emotions and desires of the people of the erstwhile Soviet-bloc. It could help to understand the principles of Realism, Marxism, Liberalism, and Constructivism, the major international relations theories to substantiate this study. Equality was what it preached. No doubt, the business class had to share its spoils with the working class, but on the whole, Marxism sought to suppress the feudal system of class discrimination. Realism was more State oriented. It chose to look at national interests more than others. Security and power is their aim. Despite the fall of the cold war, America is seen as the global policeman. Despite rising poverty and unemployment at home, America is more preoccupied with interests elsewhere. Liberalism is what the younger generation craves for. Independence and basic needs and wants are their vision. In the light of the revelation, it has become clear that the critical theory of International Relations is a jig-saw puzzle indeed. In the words of the Mahatma: â€Å"Interdependence is and ought to be as much the ideal of man as self-sufficiency. Man is a social being. Without interrelation with society, he cannot realize his oneness with the universe or suppress his egotism. His social interdependence enables him to test his faith and to prove himself on the touchstone of reality† Mahatma Gandhi, 1929, sums up the real thoughts of our young couple at Trafalgar Square.... There are two schools of thought, one looks to strengthened international law and international organizations to preserve peace; the other emphasizes that nations will always use their power to achieve goals and sees the key to peace in a balance of power among competing states. (R. Aron, H. J. Morgenthau, F. S. Northedge, and M. J. Grieve, www.answers.com/topic/international-relations) In other words, International Relations are the relationship between people of different races and divide. The world order is changing. Technology has brought people much closer. There is a general consensus that mankind is one and that this world is for all to share it equally. So what was it that attracted the majority of communist nations turn to the Liberals and Realists Critical Analysis In the context, it is worthwhile to take a look at the above definitions and examine whether International Relations truly reflect the emotions and desires of the people of the erstwhile Soviet-bloc. It could help to understand the principles of Realism, Marxism, Liberalism, and Constructivism, the major international relations theories to substantiate this study. Realism is commonly defined as a concern for fact or reality and rejection of the impractical and visionary. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism#Realism_in_international_relations) Realists believe that hard power, a concept used in realism, refers to national power through military and economic means. This holds true with the foreign policy advocated by the United States. Realism focused on States and national interest. In a speech before his nation launched an offensive against Afghanistan, President Bush said, "We are supported by the collective will of the

Project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Project management - Assignment Example It was observed that at the late hours just before inauguration of the Games, the company declared that they could not provide the promised number of security personnel. This breach of contract penalised the company severely as it had to pay huge fine. However, the situation was controlled by government when they military force was arranged at the last moment for managing the situation. Thus, the project undertaken by G4S was a complete failure and it lead to collapse of the company image before the public and investors. G4S, the largest international security solutions group, aims at providing security solutions to the countries, where the risk of security and safety is a serious threat. The company has successfully provided security solutions to many countries. It is a British multinational security provider, which is headquartered in Crawley, United Kingdom. It is regarded as one of the largest security provider in world with respect to revenue and operations. The company operates in 150 countries and have numerous plans of expansion to untouched territories worldwide. The company has also been declared as the third largest employer globally. It employs around 620,000 employees across different countries. The company is registered under London Stock Exchange  and is a recognised element in FTSE 100 Index (BBC, 2012; Pattison, 2014). The company has successfully operated globally without any disturbance in operation. However in 2010, after the death of Jimmy Mubenga (a security person), the company started to encounter the gloomiest days in its operational history. Additionally, the company encountered severe blows in business operation when it was unable to provide security services to Olympic Games in 2012. The contract between Olympic Games Authority and G4S had failed to become effective and the latter had to pay a huge amount as penalty (Secretary of State for

Mandatory Drug Testing of Welfare Recipients Essay Example for Free

Mandatory Drug Testing of Welfare Recipients Essay Thesis Statement Overall, mandatory drug testing initiatives have noble intentions such as: providing medical care to the abuser, preventing lifelong dependency, and saving taxpayer dollars, however, states should choose to not implement the intrusive testing because it is unconstitutional, costly, and ultimately detrimental to the child, not the parents. Through this presentation you will.. †¢ Learn about how widespread welfare usage is, and the history behind welfare reform. †¢ Understand why some legislators advocate for mandatory drug testing †¢ Look at the facts and realize that it is not only unconstitutional but also not an efficient means of spending allocated funds. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. Reasons Why Supporters Believe in Mandatory Drug Testing Overall good of youth dependents Zero tolerance policy Some buy drugs with welfare Tax payers have a right to know That their funds are spent well employed people must take drug tests Overall well being of invidual All reasoning lead to their overall stance, pro-testing. Reasons Why They Don’t Believe in Mandatory Drug Testing th amemmendment) Unconstiutional (4 Cost Prohibitative Embarassing and untimely Potential false positives or false negatives This is why CPS etc. exists Kid gets punished; not the adult All reasoning lead to their overall stance, against testing. Florida Welfare Drug Testing Graphic- DO THE MATH. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. Conclusion Mandatory drug testing for welfare recipients is unconstitutional, because no just-cause to search and seize. We must trust that although it isn’t constitutional or affordable to drug test all people, other agencies are other there to protect the children, if abuse or neglect is occurring Correlation does not imply causation. Work Cited Amundson, Kalynn, Anna M. Zajicek, and Valerie H. Hunt. Pathologies Of The Poor: What Do The War On Drugs And Welfare Reform Have In Common?. Journal Of Sociology Social Welfare 41.1 (2014): 5-28. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 May 2014 Gupta, Vanita. Should Welfare Recipients Be Tested For Drugs?. U.S. News Digital Weekly 3.46 (2011): 14. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 May 2014. Lyle, Lindsey. Floridas Legislation Mandating Suspicionless Drug Testing Of TANF Beneficiaries: The Constitutionality And Efficacy Of Implementing Drug Testing Requirements On The Welfare Population. Tennessee Journal Of Law Policy 8.(2012): 68-85. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 May 2014. Work Cited Rhodes, Tim, Sarah Bernays, and Kathrin Houmoller. Parents Who Use Drugs: Accounting for Damage and Its Limitation. Social Science Medicine 71.8 (2010): 1489-497. Web. 6 May 2014. Vitter, David. Should Welfare Recipients Be Tested For Drugs?. U.S. News Digital Weekly 3.46 (2011): 14. Business Source Complete. Web. 6 May 2014. Vitter, David. Should Welfare Recipients Be Tested For Drugs?. U.S. News Digital Weekly 3.46 (2011): 14. Business Source Complete. Web. 6 May 2014. Wurman, Ilan. Drug Testing Welfare Recipients As A Constitutional Condition. Stanford Law Review 65.5 (2013): 1153-1193. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 May 2014.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Online Accounting Systems Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Online Accounting Systems Information Technology Essay When a diminutive company desires to apply accounting software then they have to stick to the conventional method of accounting as the price of any certified accounting software is quite high and relatively unfamiliar to many. This concept has received a big blow as these small businesses now have a choice. Accounting software can be procured and mounted on your computer. However, with the presence of ever developing internet a consumer can locate the identical packaged application on the web and doesnt have to download or purchase anything. I dont matter if your company is local, or national, or international any business can at present employ internet based accounting software. It doesnt depend on the size of the business you uphold, there are certain aspects of considerable importance when it comes working online especially with companys accounts. Security is a major concern and one of the primary steps a large amount of network based merchandises think for users. Web based financial account software handle its personal database hub and all the records are accumulated on huge network servers. Supplementary queries can be raised to internet based companies on the support of their infrastructure. Take a note of the number of web data servers are preserved for backups, involuntarily or manually, backup strength must be taken as the primary factor after security. Everything will appear simple when consumers dont have to consider or worry about backups any longer. Think of the amount of times every year somebody has to volunteer and preserve your server, format it and your system or else you have to worry about it. How overwhelming that charge sounds as the acc ounting application and database for the company is stored on a Personal computer or the businesss server. With everything available on the web, you can easily overlook any troubleshooting mishap. IT is addressing certain issues as they come up for the accounting software used on the Web. As a matter of fact, a number of web based sellers have forged a plan which will give sufficient time on the maintenance of the entire system and that to on weekly basis. Usually, reviving or modification is done twice or thrice a year where users are informed before hand. Usability is marginally equivalent to 100% both day and night, daily, from any internet accessible tool restricted by a user security system and log on necessities. You will have a lot of capital saving chances while choosing a web based system to have your data. Advisors are no more required to keep the financial accounts and every inescapable timely security update that happen in every application. An unforeseen power reserves arises when small and large businesses toggle to web based application. Reportedly, it was observed that a company saved around millions of dollars from power savings. Additional savings piles up with the exclusion of investment on resources to get the entire system equipped to go. Typically it takes around six months for a large business to mount, switch information, examine and other tedious problems which leads to the build up. This entire process of setting up the infrastructure is quite quick for small companies when they switch to the web based application. The start up time includes the conversation which happens to make the decision. The businesses save in arrangement and setting up of resources of the more dominant accounting structure. There are constantly straight finances requirements when a small sized business raises or modifies their accounting method. Though, web based deliberation is merely used monthly and only for purposeful use of the company. This denotes that web based software can develop with the corporation. It makes the entire infrastructure flexible and switching becomes a small head ache. 2. How to select accounting software? It is extremely necessary to be certain that you acquire an approved or accepted small business accounting application. Do not rely on the most popular or used accounting software as it might not suit your needs, therefore, it is imperative to do some research and make certain inquiries. Security is a major concern and one of the primary steps a large amount of network based merchandises think for users. Web based financial account software handle its personal database hub and all the records are accumulated on huge network servers. Supplementary queries can be raised to internet based companies on the support of their infrastructure. There are several essential aspects to reflect on, which can help in getting the assurance that you have the precise selection to suit your company requirements. Primarily, when it comes to selecting the exact company accounting software,  meet a specialized and knowledgeable accountant whom you can rely upon. Many a times, the accountant is conscious of fiscal managing software that is vital for your company. Secondly,  the volume of your commerce when it is down to yearly sales is an important thing to think  in selecting the correct  company accounting software. The intensity of support while purchasing software will count and make a note that you will need this continuing support after accomplishment. These are actually essential in selecting the exact business accounting application. You may misguidedly purchase software that will require patches and improvements exactly following your acquisition of the business accounting software. This kind of software will not be able to cope with your budding business developments. There is also an option of either acquiring permanent and reactive software or web based accounting systems that can be accustomed and arranged to particular or varying requirements. Take a note of the number of web data servers are preserved for backups, involuntarily or manually, backup strength must be taken as the primary factor after security. Everything will appear simple when consumers dont have to consider or worry about backups any longer. Think of the amount of times every year somebody has to volunteer and preserve your server, format it and your system or else you have to worry about it. How overwhelming that charge sounds as the accounting application and database for the company is stored on a Personal computer or the businesss server. Irrespective of the strength of your company, you must choose a system that can revolve itself on timely basis along with the company. When your business expands your accounts also grows in the same magnitude, it is directly proportional to each other. In fact, you must select a robust system that can offer you such space. And I do not favor repeated switching of accounting software. Finally, in the selection of the precise commerce accounting software you should ensure that  it is uncomplicated and dependable. Straightforwardness and consistency is in fact all you require for any web based accounting or business software as web based systems can effortlessly bend to the exact purposes and alterations in your corporation. These straightforward points and techniques will assist you discover the exact and suitable business accounting software or web based commerce system for your trade. In summing up, the online software saves time and straight operating expense for a business, small, medium, and large. The requirement for experts is almost eradicated; improvements and mechanical difficulties with the system are managed by the web based business technical support. Bookkeeping utilities are with no trouble introduced to your pact based online system as the means of trailing accounts augments with the ever expanding business. 3. Think wisely and choose! It is very important to know what kind of accounting system you want. This plays a great role as you have to have an eye for the future. There are many factors that play a vital role in the selection of accounting software. We tend to overlook certain small but significant factors which describes the efficiency of the software. You will certainly at some point of time rely on definite support but you must do your home work as it the matter of your companys accounts. Accounts or financial data shows the performance and growth of a company. This information has to be preserved in a secured way as it holds all the secrets of a company. Hence, for a companys head or owner it is important to choose specific software which proffers you space, solidity and consistency. Starting with selection, it is a head ache if you do not belong to the accounting or commerce fraternity. It does not matter; all you need to do is to know your requirements. In order to do so, you will need to discuss with your accounting team. Don not rely on famous and popular accounting software and you should confirm that it fulfill your needs. In fact, have a meeting or meetings and try to bring up a list of requirements. In that case you must check the following points Security, yes, when it comes to accounts it is never safe to rely on something you dont know. Bugs are common in software and any bug can kill your entire annual history. However, if anyone has all your accounting data then you might have to face prolong nightmares. So, talk to your team and verify the software in order to check its reliability. If the software is secured then around 50% of your problem is solved. Requirements, yes, you will need to check the requirements such as resources it needs to initiate. A huge software can ask for millions dollars of resources and infrastructure. A large company usually takes around six to seven months to set up their system. So, you need to verify certain aspects such as resource requirement. In this section, back up plays an important point so; you must check that aspect too. System shutdown and power failure are common happenings. Flexibility rather usability of the system plays an important role. Irrespective of the strength of your company, you must choose a system that can revolve itself on timely basis along with the company. When your business expands your accounts also grows in the same magnitude, it is directly proportional to each other. In fact, you must select a robust system that can offer you such space. And I do not favor repeated switching of accounting software. Hence, this is a major point to look for in accounting business system. If you can get hold of such factors and comprise it into your software then you are on the correct track. Software needs to have proper security which encloses the reliability factor. Then, accounting software must have all the resources to offer any kind of backup if any power mishap or system crashes. Finally, all you need is flexibility of switching whenever needed. Software has updates and versions, so make sure that you have the latest version. As you company will grow you accounts will expand too, thus, you must take a note of that. Irrespective of your company magnitude, small, or mid-sized, or large, you must look for such attributes when it comes to accounting business software. At the end, you will have two choices, either desktop base software or online software. Think wisely and choose. Accounting Software- The Benefits You Can Take Word Count: 605 Computers together with their applications have become incorporated to mans life. It is something that could provide you with information in a very efficient manner and could relieve you from different task that simply rule over your life. Well, one of the mundane tasks in which people love avoiding from is accounting. It could really be frustrating working with figures and solving different financial problems. Well, if you are one of those people who are thinking about a good way on how to manage accounting issues, then making use of accounting software would be a great idea. Here are some of the benefits that you can possibly take if you use this kind of software: Ease of accessibility- most of the accounting programs these day are offering simple as well as easy interface top assist in entering the accounting data without any difficulty. Even those people with only little or no experience in accounting could really feel the assurance that the data they had entered is correct. In most software applications, the data-entry points will correct or will ask you for confirmations when something appear to be entered in a wrong manner. This feature of accounting software could really help you in saving hours of work. Reports- Most of the software programs has some functionality with regards to reporting. It actually lets the business owner in reviewing the latest status of the business any time. It could be done by simple press and clicks. The additional flexibility of having an accurate as well as reliable data could enable the user in making informed as well as educated decisions. Making the quality reports is usually a job of an accountant or of the owner of the business. Well, computers already took this role over them. Thus, it makes the accounting software efficient and effective. Solutions- though accounting software could do the task of accounting in a very less as well as intimidating time, they also opened the doors for fraud. Thus, staying with a secure procedure and locking down your computer system using passwords is something essential if you really want to prevent your business from dishonest employee from stealing things from you. So, simply keep it locked all the time. Taxes- at the end of the year, lots of people find themselves mixing up just to get the data in order to prepare their personal as well as tax returns into their business. As a matter of fact, many people totally find this matter a really daunting job in which they are farming out the process for a tax professional rather than dealing with it by themselves. Most of the accounting programs are designed, thus the user could map up the items in an individual manner. As a result, the information could be exported to different kinds of tax software. When it is done correctly with the set up of the software itself, the business owner could efficiently save themselves from the cost of preparing tax each and every year. You can surely make accounting job easier by making use of the accounting software. With such, those advantages mentioned above could be easily attained without taking any sort of circumstances or confusions unlike what you used to experience by using traditional accounting. Thus, what are you waiting for? Do not let yourself and your business left behind. Get yourself involved by simply using a good accounting software and make things effective and efficient. Simply keep those benefits in mind. Using good accounting software truly values the money you spent for having it. So, what are you waiting for? Get one now.

Psychological Egoism :: Psychology Selfishness Selfish Egoism essays

Psychological Egoism Psychological egoism is a reflex that every person has to orient themselves toward their own welfare. Through this, it follows that every one of his (or her) voluntary actions is some good to himself. If someone gives away the last piece of bread to someone else, it is because they want to look like a better person. Due to the fact that they would give away the last piece of bread. Human nature is completely and exclusively egoistic. People are entirely selfish and devoid of any genuine feelings of sympathy, benevolence, or sociability. They are always thinking of themselves in everything they do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each individual is preoccupied exclusively with the gratification of personal desires (felicity or happiness).Ones success in maintaining a continuous flow of gratification is the means of ones happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The object of the voluntary acts of every man is some good to himself. Whenever man renounces his right it is either in consideration for some right reciprocally transferred to himself, or for some other good he hopes for from the outcome. This presents us with the old saying: "Do unto others as you would want them to do unto you."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social organization originates out of self interest. All society is for gain, or for glory. It is not like we think it is—for love of our fellows. Instead it is for self preservation. It is a sort of social contract. In a state of nature we are at war with each other and life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. In a natural state individuals are in equal powers. Voluntary collective organization is the most effective way for individuals to utilize their powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man should be allowed the right to use all means or actions to preserve himself. For every man is desirous of what is good to him, and shuns what is evil, but chiefly the chiefest of natural evil, which is death. The right to bear arms. In conclusion, I would like to say that? Psychological Egoism-- This is the claim that humans by nature are motivated only by self-interest . Any act, no matter how altruistic it might seem, is actually motivated by some selfish desire of the agent (e.g., desire for reward, avoidance of guilt, personal happiness). This is a descriptive claim about human nature. Since the claim is universal--all acts are motivated by self interest--it could be proven false by a single counterexample (Weston, rule #11). It will be difficult to find an action that the psychological egoist will acknowledge as purely altruistic, however. There is almost always some benefit to ourselves in any action we choose.

Brief Therapy Essay -- Counseling/Therapy

Brief therapy helps people by focusing on solutions, instead of problems. The therapist asks questions thereby facilitates the client by helping formulates solutions. The client leads the meeting by actively formulating ideas in which he/she can serve to improve the client's negative circumstances. This is contrary to cognitive therapy, which focuses on a client's cognitive processes (how he or she thinks about people/places/things). The therapist collaborates with the client to help the client develop alternative solutions. "Subsequently, a study showed solution-focused brief therapy demonstrated a small, but positive treatment effects favoring SFBT group on the outcome measures. Only the magnitude of the effect for internalizing behavior problems (such as depression, anxiety, self-concept and dignity) was statistically significant at the p ...ng. The compliments, positive affirmations, humor, positive reframing, and are all ways to handle a resistant adolescent. Parents and adolescents take an active, positive role in brief therapy by asking themselves when changes will occur. These ways of dealing with resistance in adolescents work toward the solutions kids want to break free of their emotional prisons. Works Cited Kim, J.S. PhD.(n.d.)Examining the Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy A Meta-Analysis Using Random Effects Modeling retrieved on 05/09/2012 at https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/.../19_2_Johnny_S._Kim_Paper.pdf? University of Texas Austin, TX Selekman, M. D. (2005). Pathways to Change: Brief Therapy with Difficult Adolescents (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Retrieved May 9, 2012, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=116311700

Biofuels Essay -- Environment, Fossil Fuels

In recent years environmental problems, especially the use of fossil fuels, has become one of the most commonly debated issues. It is widely known that fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and the use of fossil fuels harm the environment, such as the combustion process of fossil fuels that leads to global warming. However, current societies are still dependent on fossil fuels. Because of the environmental problems and in order to decrease the wide-ranging consumption of fossil fuels, researches argue that agricultural based fuel or bio-fuel is one alternative to replace fossil fuels and apply it as a new energy source. In general, bio-fuels are fuels that predominantly are produced from bio-renewable or renewable feedstock, such as corn, sugarcane, wheat and so on. There are many kinds of bio-fuels and each country develops different types. For instance, Brazil produces sugarcane based bio-fuels. Global development of bio-fuels is required; however, the effectiveness and the sus tainability of bio-fuels compared to fossil fuels should be addressed. This essay asserts that the utilization of bio-fuels in the world is not a viable alternative to fossil fuels because it confronts difficulties and results in disadvantages in the future. The arguments to against bio-fuels which will be assessed are related to social structure, economic development and the cost of production, as well as the arguments concerning agriculture and environment. Firstly, an important issue that should be considered is the use of bio-fuels and the problems posed in the social structure. Because bio-fuels benefit for the environment, bio-fuels production and the fuel market will grow rapidly; therefore, the availability of resources is an important factor.... ... and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere, which are associated with the greenhouse gas and three hundred times more effect upon the global warming (Cockerill & Martin, 2008; Murphy, 2009). In conclusion, the development of bio-fuels as a viable alternative to replace fossil fuels is still not promising. Although bio-fuels are made from renewable resources, bio-fuels are not effective enough due to the disadvantages that will arise, such as the shrinkage of food, the production expenses and the environmental drawbacks. On account of the difficulties and the disadvantages that result from the wide-ranging use of bio-fuels, management and policies of bio-fuels are needed as solutions to obtain a well-managed agricultural supply so that it has a sustainable production; likewise, large scale bio-fuels production should be adjourned until adequate solutions are discovered.

Smoking Persuasive Essay

A smoker with a pack of cigarettes is like a teenage girl with a cell phone. They both never leave anywhere without it. Smoking related diseases cause approximately 440, 000 American deaths each year. Each day, three thousand children smoke their first cigarette. It is killing people and polluting the earth which doesn’t serve a positive purpose in any way. It is something that millions around the world have taken up and are unable to stop. Smoking is such a bad habit and does not benefit anyone but tobacco companies. It is a complete money scamming business yet people are aware but continue to buy them every day. Back then, smoking was considered to be cool, sexy, and healthy for you. When scientists discovered that it was the complete opposite of healthy and that it was actually killing you, a lot of people stopped. Tobacco companies were probably a little worried but lucky for them most people were already addicted. In 1970, President Nixon signed the law that placed warning labels on smokes and banned television advertisements. Banning smoking commercials doesn’t even really affect the cigarette companies that much. Most advertising these days is done by actual people smoking cigarettes and word of mouth. When people litter cigarette filters and packs it also acts as an advertisement. Tobacco companies don’t really have to do much advertising anymore. Not only does smoking affect humans but it also affects the environment. Cigarettes contain approximately 4000 chemicals. Those chemicals are being released into our air and being put on the ground. Cigarette buds that are being thrown onto the street are getting into our rivers and lakes and poisoning our water. When they are thrown onto grass and soil they poison our plants. Animals then eat the plants and we eat those animals. It is a cycle that is getting everyone sick. The production of cigarettes is also bad for the environment. Companies waste valuable soil to grow their tobacco. That soil could be used for growing crops or producing food for third world countries. These plants need to be sprayed by chemicals and pesticides in order to maintain a proper growth. It takes one tree to produce the packaging for three hundred cigarettes. Energy and water is also being used in the production of cigarettes which we need to save. Teenagers are now being exposed to smoking at an earlier age these days. It primarily begins at the age of 16 and most first time smoker’s start before their high school graduation. Children who have parents that smoke are more likely to take up the bad habit. Most teens that start smoking early will have a harder time quitting and will have more health issues than someone that begins smoking at the age of 21. More than 90% of smokers started when they were teenagers. As an ex smoker, I can agree that smoking can be addictive. I personally have never been addicted to it but I know that it also isn’t easy to stop. I believe that most people get addicted to it because they need something to inhale. Companies have tried to make nicotine inhalers but I personally don’t think that they would be as satisfying as having a cigarette. If there was a natural, legal, healthy herb that didn’t have chemicals, and were to have the same effects as cigarettes, I’m sure people would be smoking it. In conclusion, smoking is definitely not a habit that people should take up. The list of pros does not even come close to the cons when it comes to smoking. It is just a bad habit that a lot of people take up these days and can’t stop. It is killing humans and animals as well as the environment. Every time someone flicks the ash off their smoke it looks almost as if the cigarette is nodding its head up and down telling you that it’s ok to smoke. The tobacco industry is almost like a big hit man that is just murdering everyone. People that don’t even smoke are being killed because of it. It is a money making business that needs to be stopped before everyone suffers.

Canadas First Past the Post System

In Canada Federal and Provincial First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) elections are based on single member districts or ridings. Each riding chooses one candidate to elect into parliament. In order to win a candidate must obtain the highest number of votes but not necessarily the majority of votes. The party that wins the most ridings is named the official government of Canada with the second place party becoming the official opposition. The (FPTP) system is also known as the ‘winner-take-all' system, in which the candidate with the most votes gets elected. FPTP voting methods can be used for single and multiple member elections.In a single member election the candidate with the highest number, not necessarily a majority, of votes is elected. This system is used in Canada, UK, US, and India. Many Canadians are not happy with the current First Past the Post system currently in place for electing parliamentary officials provincially and federally. I think that Canada’s First Past th e Post parliamentary electoral system should be changed because it favors tactical voting; it has a negative effect on smaller parties; and opens up the possibility of gerrymandering constituencies.A new electoral system that is more proportional is needed in order to address these problems. There are a few problems that arise out of the FPTP system. One of the most important problems is the tendency for FPTP to favor tactical voting. Tactical voting happens when voters cast their votes for one of the two candidates that are most likely to win. This is done because it is perceived by the voter that their vote will be wasted if they were to choose to vote for a smaller party, which they would more prefer. This is an understandable feeling by the voter because only votes for the winning candidate actually count (Blais, 2008).The position is sometimes summed up, in an extreme form, as â€Å"All votes for anyone other than the second place are votes for the winner†(Rosenbaum 2004 ), because by voting for other candidates, they have denied those votes to the second place candidate who could have won had they received them. Following the 2000 U. S. presidential election, some supporters of Democratic candidate Al Gore believed he lost the extremely close election to Republican George W. Bush because a portion of the electorate (2. 7%) voted for Ralph Nader of the Green Party.Exit polls indicated that more of these voters would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%), with the rest not voting in Nader's absence (Rosenbaum 2004). The people, who voted for Ralph Nader despite of his staggering inability to win, effectively voted for Bush by depriving Gore of their votes even though they would have preferred Gore. With tactical voting, voters, have to predict in advance who the top two candidates will be. This can distort results significantly. One factor that influences tactical voting is the Media. Substantial power is given to the media.Some voters will tend to believe the media's assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be in the election. Even voters who distrust the media will know that other voters do believe the media, and therefore that those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular and thus most likely to be the top two. The media can also play an important role in persuading voters to use tactical voting. This is exemplified through the use of attack advertisements in television; radio and print media. This happens in the UK. The system may promote votes against as opposed to votes for.In the UK, entire campaigns have been organized with the aim of voting against the Conservative party by voting either Labour or Liberal Democrat. For example, in a constituency held by the Conservatives, with the Liberal Democrats as the second-place party and the Labour Party in third, Labour supporters might be urged to vote for the Liberal Democrat candidate (who has a smaller shortfall o f votes to make up and more support in the constituency) rather than their own candidate, on the basis that Labour supporters would prefer an MP from a competing left/liberal party to a Conservative one (Drogus 2008).The media holds an important role in informing and influencing the public about political candidates. This causes the FPTP system to turn into run-off voting, which is a two round voting system where voters elect two forerunners for the constituency and select one to be winner. The â€Å"first round† of the election is done within the court of public opinion, the â€Å"second round† happens with the official election. This can be seen in the example of the 1997 Winchester by-election: â€Å"Gerry Malone the former Conservative MP who had lost his seat in the general election, was criticized as a â€Å"poor loser† by the media.The Labour Party obtained their worst ever results in a parliamentary election, in part because they hardly campaigned at al l and instead focused their priorities on the by-election in Beckenham held on the same day. It is presumed that most of the Labour supporters decided to vote Liberal Democrat knowing how unlikely they were to win. † (Farrell 1998). The Labour Party voters used their votes tactically because they knew they couldn’t win and were turned off by the Conservative candidates negative image in the press.Another important reason that Canada should select a different election system is that the FPTP system has a large impact on smaller parties. According to Political Scientist Maurice Duverger’s Law, given enough time FPTP systems will eventually become a two party system (Duverger 1972). The FPTP system only gives the winner in each district a seat, a party that consistently comes third in every district will not gain any seats in the legislature, even if it receives a significant proportion of the vote.This puts a heavy strain on parties that are spread geographically t hin, such as the Green party of Canada who received approximately 5% of the popular vote from 2004-2011, but had only won a single riding during that time (Elections Canada). The second problem facing smaller parties in FPTP systems is related to tactical voting. Duverger suggested an election in which 100,000 moderate voters and 80,000 radical voters are voting for a single official.If two moderate parties ran candidates and one radical candidate were to run, the radical candidate would win unless one of the moderate candidates gathered fewer than 20,000 votes. Observing this, moderate voters would be more likely to vote for the candidate most likely to gain more votes, with the goal of defeating the radical candidate. Either the two parties must merge, or one moderate party must fail, as the voters gravitate to the two strong parties, a trend Duverger called polarization (Duverger 1972).Smaller parties will never have a fair amount of representation in proportion to their size. FP TP tends to reduce the number of viable political parties to a greater extent than other methods. This makes it more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats. Canada has had 33 majority governments out of 41 elections (Parliament of Canada) FPTP's tendency toward fewer parties and more frequent one-party rule can potentially produce a government that may not consider a wide a range of perspectives and concerns.It is entirely possible that a voter will find that both major parties agree on a particular issue. In this case, the voter will not have any meaningful way of expressing a dissenting opinion through their vote. These voters will have to resort to tactical voting and vote for a candidate that they mostly disagree with in order to oppose a candidate they disagree with even more. This is a compromise that the voter should not have to make in order to express them selves politically. The third problem with the FPTP system is that it is especially vulne rable to gerrymandering.Gerrymandering is the process of setting electoral districts in order to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating geographic boundaries to create partisan or incumbent-protected districts. The resulting district is known as a gerrymander (Martis 2008). This process is very controversial in Canada and is viewed negatively when attempted. Governments in power to solidify their dominance at the federal and provincial level can use gerrymandering to increase voters in a riding where they do not have as many voters, giving them an unfair advantage upon re-election.The examples of gerrymandering and its effects can be seen in Canada today. The current federal electoral district boundaries in Saskatchewan have been labeled as evidence of gerrymandering, The province's two major cities, Saskatoon and Regina, are both â€Å"cracked† into four districts each, when the populations of the cities proper would justify about thr ee and two and a half of all-urban (or mostly urban) districts respectively; the map instead groups parts of the New Democratic Party-friendly cities with large Conservative-leaning rural areas (Elections Canada)In 2006, a controversy arose on Prince Edward Island over the provincial government's decision to throw out an electoral map drawn by an independent commission. Instead the government created two new maps. The government adopted the second of these, designed by the caucus of the governing party. Opposition parties and the media attacked Premier Pat Binns for what they saw as gerrymandering of districts. Among other things, the government adopted a map that ensured that every current Member of the Legislative Assembly from the premier's party had a district to run in for re-election, whereas in the original map, several had been redistricted.Despite this, in the 2007 provincial election only 7 of 20 incumbent Members of the Legislative Assembly were re-elected and the governm ent was defeated. Pat Binns’ attempt at gerrymandering and loss of the election showed that the Canadian people do not support gerrymandering by politicians (CBC) Even though the FPTP system has many criticisms it does have some qualities that are found attractive. Firstly FPTP systems are generally good at creating majority governments because of their winner take all attitudes.Majority governments are viewed as being more efficient because of their ability to swiftly pass laws through Parliament. However, majority governments increase their efficiency at the price of sacrificing a broader range of political views. Secondly, FPTP is a good way of discouraging extremist parties that seek to bring radical change to the government. This is because larger parties are favored to win seats so unless the party has a very concentrated electoral support the will generally never win any ridings.FPTP has many criticisms and flaws that are easily exploited. These flaws can only be addre ssed by selecting a new electoral system. The FPTP’s key flaw that underlies its criticisms is that it discounts or ignores minority parties and their voters. This effectively causes only voters of the major parties to be able to accurately express them selves politically. In a democracy every vote should count not just the votes cast for the winning party. This is why FPTP is not an adequate system for Canada. The FPTP system fails Canadian voters because it favors tactical voting orcing voters to make unnecessary compromises with their political beliefs. It perpetuates dominance of one or two main parties and discourages growth of newer, smaller parties. FPTP opens up the door for gerrymandering Politicians to take an unfair advantage to solidify their dominance in the government. In conclusion I think that Canada’s First Past the Post parliamentary electoral system should be changed because it favors tactical voting; it has a negative effect on smaller parties; and opens up the possibility of gerrymandering constituencies. Canadas First Past the Post System In Canada Federal and Provincial First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) elections are based on single member districts or ridings. Each riding chooses one candidate to elect into parliament. In order to win a candidate must obtain the highest number of votes but not necessarily the majority of votes. The party that wins the most ridings is named the official government of Canada with the second place party becoming the official opposition. The (FPTP) system is also known as the ‘winner-take-all' system, in which the candidate with the most votes gets elected. FPTP voting methods can be used for single and multiple member elections.In a single member election the candidate with the highest number, not necessarily a majority, of votes is elected. This system is used in Canada, UK, US, and India. Many Canadians are not happy with the current First Past the Post system currently in place for electing parliamentary officials provincially and federally. I think that Canada’s First Past th e Post parliamentary electoral system should be changed because it favors tactical voting; it has a negative effect on smaller parties; and opens up the possibility of gerrymandering constituencies.A new electoral system that is more proportional is needed in order to address these problems. There are a few problems that arise out of the FPTP system. One of the most important problems is the tendency for FPTP to favor tactical voting. Tactical voting happens when voters cast their votes for one of the two candidates that are most likely to win. This is done because it is perceived by the voter that their vote will be wasted if they were to choose to vote for a smaller party, which they would more prefer. This is an understandable feeling by the voter because only votes for the winning candidate actually count (Blais, 2008).The position is sometimes summed up, in an extreme form, as â€Å"All votes for anyone other than the second place are votes for the winner†(Rosenbaum 2004 ), because by voting for other candidates, they have denied those votes to the second place candidate who could have won had they received them. Following the 2000 U. S. presidential election, some supporters of Democratic candidate Al Gore believed he lost the extremely close election to Republican George W. Bush because a portion of the electorate (2. 7%) voted for Ralph Nader of the Green Party.Exit polls indicated that more of these voters would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%), with the rest not voting in Nader's absence (Rosenbaum 2004). The people, who voted for Ralph Nader despite of his staggering inability to win, effectively voted for Bush by depriving Gore of their votes even though they would have preferred Gore. With tactical voting, voters, have to predict in advance who the top two candidates will be. This can distort results significantly. One factor that influences tactical voting is the Media. Substantial power is given to the media.Some voters will tend to believe the media's assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be in the election. Even voters who distrust the media will know that other voters do believe the media, and therefore that those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular and thus most likely to be the top two. The media can also play an important role in persuading voters to use tactical voting. This is exemplified through the use of attack advertisements in television; radio and print media. This happens in the UK. The system may promote votes against as opposed to votes for.In the UK, entire campaigns have been organized with the aim of voting against the Conservative party by voting either Labour or Liberal Democrat. For example, in a constituency held by the Conservatives, with the Liberal Democrats as the second-place party and the Labour Party in third, Labour supporters might be urged to vote for the Liberal Democrat candidate (who has a smaller shortfall o f votes to make up and more support in the constituency) rather than their own candidate, on the basis that Labour supporters would prefer an MP from a competing left/liberal party to a Conservative one (Drogus 2008).The media holds an important role in informing and influencing the public about political candidates. This causes the FPTP system to turn into run-off voting, which is a two round voting system where voters elect two forerunners for the constituency and select one to be winner. The â€Å"first round† of the election is done within the court of public opinion, the â€Å"second round† happens with the official election. This can be seen in the example of the 1997 Winchester by-election: â€Å"Gerry Malone the former Conservative MP who had lost his seat in the general election, was criticized as a â€Å"poor loser† by the media.The Labour Party obtained their worst ever results in a parliamentary election, in part because they hardly campaigned at al l and instead focused their priorities on the by-election in Beckenham held on the same day. It is presumed that most of the Labour supporters decided to vote Liberal Democrat knowing how unlikely they were to win. † (Farrell 1998). The Labour Party voters used their votes tactically because they knew they couldn’t win and were turned off by the Conservative candidates negative image in the press.Another important reason that Canada should select a different election system is that the FPTP system has a large impact on smaller parties. According to Political Scientist Maurice Duverger’s Law, given enough time FPTP systems will eventually become a two party system (Duverger 1972). The FPTP system only gives the winner in each district a seat, a party that consistently comes third in every district will not gain any seats in the legislature, even if it receives a significant proportion of the vote.This puts a heavy strain on parties that are spread geographically t hin, such as the Green party of Canada who received approximately 5% of the popular vote from 2004-2011, but had only won a single riding during that time (Elections Canada). The second problem facing smaller parties in FPTP systems is related to tactical voting. Duverger suggested an election in which 100,000 moderate voters and 80,000 radical voters are voting for a single official.If two moderate parties ran candidates and one radical candidate were to run, the radical candidate would win unless one of the moderate candidates gathered fewer than 20,000 votes. Observing this, moderate voters would be more likely to vote for the candidate most likely to gain more votes, with the goal of defeating the radical candidate. Either the two parties must merge, or one moderate party must fail, as the voters gravitate to the two strong parties, a trend Duverger called polarization (Duverger 1972).Smaller parties will never have a fair amount of representation in proportion to their size. FP TP tends to reduce the number of viable political parties to a greater extent than other methods. This makes it more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats. Canada has had 33 majority governments out of 41 elections (Parliament of Canada) FPTP's tendency toward fewer parties and more frequent one-party rule can potentially produce a government that may not consider a wide a range of perspectives and concerns.It is entirely possible that a voter will find that both major parties agree on a particular issue. In this case, the voter will not have any meaningful way of expressing a dissenting opinion through their vote. These voters will have to resort to tactical voting and vote for a candidate that they mostly disagree with in order to oppose a candidate they disagree with even more. This is a compromise that the voter should not have to make in order to express them selves politically. The third problem with the FPTP system is that it is especially vulne rable to gerrymandering.Gerrymandering is the process of setting electoral districts in order to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating geographic boundaries to create partisan or incumbent-protected districts. The resulting district is known as a gerrymander (Martis 2008). This process is very controversial in Canada and is viewed negatively when attempted. Governments in power to solidify their dominance at the federal and provincial level can use gerrymandering to increase voters in a riding where they do not have as many voters, giving them an unfair advantage upon re-election.The examples of gerrymandering and its effects can be seen in Canada today. The current federal electoral district boundaries in Saskatchewan have been labeled as evidence of gerrymandering, The province's two major cities, Saskatoon and Regina, are both â€Å"cracked† into four districts each, when the populations of the cities proper would justify about thr ee and two and a half of all-urban (or mostly urban) districts respectively; the map instead groups parts of the New Democratic Party-friendly cities with large Conservative-leaning rural areas (Elections Canada)In 2006, a controversy arose on Prince Edward Island over the provincial government's decision to throw out an electoral map drawn by an independent commission. Instead the government created two new maps. The government adopted the second of these, designed by the caucus of the governing party. Opposition parties and the media attacked Premier Pat Binns for what they saw as gerrymandering of districts. Among other things, the government adopted a map that ensured that every current Member of the Legislative Assembly from the premier's party had a district to run in for re-election, whereas in the original map, several had been redistricted.Despite this, in the 2007 provincial election only 7 of 20 incumbent Members of the Legislative Assembly were re-elected and the governm ent was defeated. Pat Binns’ attempt at gerrymandering and loss of the election showed that the Canadian people do not support gerrymandering by politicians (CBC) Even though the FPTP system has many criticisms it does have some qualities that are found attractive. Firstly FPTP systems are generally good at creating majority governments because of their winner take all attitudes.Majority governments are viewed as being more efficient because of their ability to swiftly pass laws through Parliament. However, majority governments increase their efficiency at the price of sacrificing a broader range of political views. Secondly, FPTP is a good way of discouraging extremist parties that seek to bring radical change to the government. This is because larger parties are favored to win seats so unless the party has a very concentrated electoral support the will generally never win any ridings.FPTP has many criticisms and flaws that are easily exploited. These flaws can only be addre ssed by selecting a new electoral system. The FPTP’s key flaw that underlies its criticisms is that it discounts or ignores minority parties and their voters. This effectively causes only voters of the major parties to be able to accurately express them selves politically. In a democracy every vote should count not just the votes cast for the winning party. This is why FPTP is not an adequate system for Canada. The FPTP system fails Canadian voters because it favors tactical voting orcing voters to make unnecessary compromises with their political beliefs. It perpetuates dominance of one or two main parties and discourages growth of newer, smaller parties. FPTP opens up the door for gerrymandering Politicians to take an unfair advantage to solidify their dominance in the government. In conclusion I think that Canada’s First Past the Post parliamentary electoral system should be changed because it favors tactical voting; it has a negative effect on smaller parties; and opens up the possibility of gerrymandering constituencies.

Banana Fibre Manual

Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre A PEOPLE’S MANUAL WASTE TO WEALTH : CRAFT DEVELOPMENT USING BANANA FIBRE CAPRE FOUNDATION | Page 1 www. caprefoundation. org A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre About CAPRE Foundation CAPRE Foundation is a non-profit, voluntary organization registered in 1999 under Section 21 of the Societies Registrations Act, 1860. It was founded by grass roots people including tribals with a social conscience to work for socio-economic, cultural and educational upliftment of marginalized/underprivileged people.The foundation has been actively involved in social concerns such as sustainable livelihood, health and non formal education and is working on development programmes in rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Delhi. Mission Creating Awareness Programs to promote development as a liberating force aimed at inclusivity, social justice, economic growth and selfreliance for the upl iftment of rural marginalized and underprivileged people. Vision To create global awareness about the exclusion that underprivileged people suffer in India together with becoming a leading organization in transparency, good governance and best practice ________, Editor  © CAPRE Foundation, Allahabad Address Registered Office : 24 Strachey Road Civil Lines Dist. – Allahabad – 211001 (UP) Field Office : Professor’s Colony, Near Manavi, Shiv Pahar, Dumka – 814101, Jharkhand E-mail : [email  protected] com Website : www. caprefoundation. org Printed By : Page 2 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre Contents The Tree The Fibre Fibre Extraction Characteristics of Banana fibre Applications of Banana fibre Cost Benefit Analysis CAPRE Foundation ‘s efforts promote banana fibre craft A few products being developed by CAPRE Foundation 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9Page 3 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Developmen t Using Banana Fibre The tree Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit they produce. Bananas come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe, including yellow, purple, and red. Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. The scientific names of bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana or hybrids Musa acuminata ? balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution.The old scientific names Musa sapientum and Musa paradisiaca are no longer used. The major banana producing states of India are Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Madhya Pradesh. The Fibre Banana plant not only gives the delicious fruit but it also provides textile fiber, the banana fiber. It grows easily as it sets out young shoots and is most commonly found in hot tropical climates. All varieties of banana plants have fibers in abundance. These fibers are obtained after th e fruit is harvested and fall in the group of bast fibers.This plant has long been a good source for high quality textiles in many parts of the world including India. After the fruit and the leaves are harvested, the bark of the tree is used which otherwise would have gone waste. The fibre is extracted from the bark of the tree which is the mother of so many beautiful handcrafted banana fibre products. Page 4 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre The banana fibre is composed of cellulose – 62%, lignin – 29%, hemicellulose 3%, rectin – 2%, miscellaneous – 4%. By-products of the fibre are : fabrics, ags, various types of mats, interior decoration items, window blinds, cushion covers, bolster covers, table lamps and folders, to name a few. The products are completely eco-friendly and bio-degradable. There is no consumption of electricity while making the products as it is made on the handlooms. Also, no chemicals are used in the manufacture. It is an excellent substitute for plastic and paper. Fibre Extraction Banana Fiber is extracted from Banana tree bark. The trunk is peeled. Browngreen skin is thrown away retaining the cleaner or white portion which will be processed into knotted fibers.The fibers are extracted through hand extraction machine composed of either serrated or non serrated knives. The peel is clamped between the wood plank and knife and hand-pulled through, removing the resinous material. The extracted fibers are sun-dried which whitens the fiber. Once dried, the fibers are ready for knotting. A bunch of fibers are mounted or clamped on a stick to facilitate segregation. Each fiber is separated according to fiber sizes and grouped accordingly. To knot the fiber, each fiber is separated and knotted to the end of another fiber manually.The separation and knotting is repeated until bunches of unknotted fibers are finished to form a long continuous strand. This fiber can now be use d for making various products. Characteristics of Banana fibre Banana fiber is a natural bast fiber. It has its own physical and chemical characteristics and many other properties that make it a fine quality fiber. ? Appearance of banana fiber is similar to that of bamboo fiber and ramie fiber, but its fineness and spinnability is better than the two. ? The chemical composition of banana fiber is cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.Page 5 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre ? It is highly strong fiber. ? It has smaller elongation. ? It has somewhat shiny appearance depending upon the extraction & spinning process. ? It is light weight. ? It has strong moisture absorption quality. It absorbs as well as releases moisture very fast. ? It is bio-degradable and has no negative effect on environment and thus can be categorized as eco-friendly fiber. ? Its average fineness is 2400Nm. ? It can be spun through almost all the methods of spinning in cluding ring spinning, open-end spinning, bast iber spinning, and semi-worsted spinning among others. Applications of Banana fibre In the recent past, banana fiber had a very limited application and was primarily used for making items like ropes, mats, and some other composite materials. With the increasing environmental awareness and growing importance of eco-friendly fabrics, banana fiber has also been recognized for all its good qualities and now its application is increasing in other fields too such as apparel garments and home furnishings. Banana fiber is also used to make fine cushion covers, Necties, bags, table cloths, curtains etc.Rugs made from banana silk yarn fibers are also very popular world over. Different applications of the fibre are – ? Banana fibre has great potentialities for paper making special demand of Hand made paper. ? Its fibre has used like rope, mats and other composite materials. ? Banana fibre has recognined for apparels and home furnishings. Pa ge 6 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre ? Polypropylene reinforced with banana fibre is used by automobile companies for making underfloor protection panels in luxurious cars like Mercedes. Banana fibre mostly used in making handicrafts and home decorative. ? Composite material of banana fibre used in building boards and fire resistance boards. ? Banana fibre is making products like paper bags, filter paper, greeting cards, decorative papers, pen stands, lamp stand and many more. ? Banana fibre in used currency notes in Germany and trial run in India also. ? During the research, it was found that paper made out of this fiber has shelf life of over 100 years as it is the strongest of the long fibres ever found amidst natural fibres.It can be folded for as many as 3,000 times. It can used currency and value-able documents like manuscript document preserver (Pundulipies). Cost benefit analysis (These costs are average estimates) Input cost: Nil Fixed Cost: Fibre Extraction Machine : Rs. 40,000 Variable cost: Plant cutting and useable raw material cost (Rs/acre): 3000 Labour cost (Rs/ month): 5000 Electricity charges (Rs/month): 1000 Other charges (Rs/months): 1000 Total cost (Rs/month): 10000 Output : Income from banana fibre (Rs/ Acre): 8000 Income from banana ibre (Rs/month): 16000 Income from Manure (Rs/Acre waste): 2000 Page 7 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre Total income: 18000 Net Income Rs : Output- Input : 8000 CAPRE Foundation ‘s efforts promote banana fibre craft The latest innovative idea being pushed by CAPRE Foundation is teaching women how to produce banana fiber and craft items from this fiber in Shankargarh and Kaurihar II block in Allahabad district with collaboration from Eco Green Unit of Coimbatore.Considerable work has been done in the field of direct use and product development from banana fruits. However, not much attention has been focused on effective utilization of the huge biomass generated in the form of pseudostem, leaves, suckers etc. In India, presently this biomass is dumped on roadside or burnt or left in situ causing detrimental impact on environment. Though, the technologies for extraction of fibres and paper making from pseudostem are available, not much has been done in northern India in this regard whilst Southern India is the leader in banana fibre craft.Capre Foundation has taken the lead and in collaboration with ECO GREEN UNIT from Coimbatore. However, there exists a vast potential of extracting fibres from pseudostem and using the fibre in making craft such as coasters, mats rugs wall hangings which CAPRE is already implementing with an effective marketing strategy in place with 100 per cent buy back by Eco Green Unit in Coimbatore. Page 8 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre A few products being developed by CAPRE Foundation Page 9 A People’s Manual

Oopp Lab Work

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